Tree dictionary & Glossary
| Afforestation Abiotic Acid grassland Acid soils Acidification Adjuvant Adverse slope Aesthetics Agitation Agroforestry Amenity Ancient woodland Annual ring Apical Approved product Arboretum Arboriculture Archaeology Aspect Assart |
the planting of trees on previously unwooded land of the weather. Damage caused by the weather developing grassland over nutrient poor acidic soils usually formed on sandstone. Limited basic mineral content. Ie peaty soils process of a combination of acid rain accumulation & leaching of rainwater through geology & soils herbicide additive used to enhance phytotoxicity (killing effect) uphill incline for forest value,rooted in beauty and visual appreciation mixing of a liquid preparation of pesticide by shaking or stirring the growing of trees on land also used for the production of crops and livestock pleasant or usual feature or facility, pleasantness of a place sites with a proven tree cover for at least 230 years. Wooded on maps from 1750 (Scotland) ring of wood laid down in a stem & branch of a tree/shrub during one growing season leading shoot or leading bud of a tree - the very tip of the tree pesticide which has been approved for use on the grounds of safety & efficacy a collection of native, exotic or specimen trees the cultivation of trees and shrubs for ornamental/landscape use study of ancient peoples and their living condition/environment. Excavation of physical remains direction toward which a slope faces. historical term for woodland cleared for arable production |
| Bare-root
trees Bark Bast Beating up Biodiversity Blaze Bole Boreal Boreal region Brash Brash mat Breast height 1.3m (43inch). Browsing Bryophytes Butt Butt rot Buttress |
trees lifted from nursery without soil around the roots protective skin/tissue of a woody stem another name for phloem, fibrous material obtained from the phloem operation involving replacing failed/dying trees in new plantations the diversity of plants, animals, and other living organisms in all their forms and communities to mark a tree by removing bark with a slasher for felling/thinning or measuring/tariffing stem/trunk of a tree coniferous forest in the north of the N. hemisphere - climatic zone short summers long winters forest areas of northern North temperate zone, mainly coniferous species spruce, pine and fur cutting of lower branches of mainly conifers to improve access brash placed in rows on which harvesting & extraction vehicles run to reduce soil erosion/compaction Point at which girth is measured on a standing tree (dbh) diameter breast height stripping or fraying the bark off young trees by deer mosses & liverworts (lichen like plant with lobed leaves) stump end of a timber log most serious, common place disease in British forestry-fungal infection of the roots and lower stem projection of spurs near the base of a tree |
| Calibration
Callus Cambium Canker Canopy Carr fen Catkin Check Chlorosis Cleaning Clearfelling Clinometer Climax forest Coarse grass Compartment Coniferous Conversion Coppicing Copse Coupe Crown Crown lifting Crown reduction Cultivar Cultivation |
process of calculation/measurement/adjustment to ascertain the correct application chemical rate healing tissue formed by the cambium layer around wounds/pruning cuts cellular tissue beneath a tree's bark, n which the annual growth of wood and bark grows disease damage area of a tree usually caused by bacteria or fungus the upper most leafy layer of woodland structure scrub, wet boggy area male or female flower hanging in chains, they lack petals because they are wind pollinated flowers used to describe trees growing slowly due to poor drainage or nutrient deficiency loss of green colour in green foliage removing unwanted tree or shrub growth with bill hook/axe felling operation that removes all trees in the compartment in one go instrument used for measuring angle of slopes or the height of trees forest community that represents the final stage of natural forest succession for its environment. imprecise term used to describe grasses of tall, bulky, rank, stiff & often tussocky nature management area in a woodland usually denoted by number & sub-cpt denoted by letter cone bearing trees cutting up of felled tree into desired lengths cutting broadleaves to expose the stump encouraging the growth of slender shoots another name for a coppice group or groups of trees planned for clear felling over a period of time spreading branches and foliage of a tree removing lower branches of a tree, leaving the upper crown to flourish pruning back the crown to its main branches to maintain overall shape variety of plant produced by cultivation to prepare the soil for planting by ploughing, mounding or scarifying |
| Deciduous
Deer cull Deer glade Drip line Dutch Elm Dyeing stumps Dyke |
a tree
that shed leaves/needles (larch spp) annually agreed & selected number of deer to be shot in a given area on an annual basis designed feature in a area of forest used for deer management/culling the ground below the outermost branches where most of the feeding roots are concentrated Disease fungal tree disease first introduced in the 1930's - carried by beetles. an application of urea/dye to conifer stumps which prevents the spread of infection to nearby trees dry stone wall |
| Ecology Edaphic Epicormic Epicormic shoots Epiphyte Establishment Evergreen Exotic species Extraction |
the study
of relationships between living organisms & their environment relating to the physical and conditions of the soil twigs sprouting directly out of the main stem sprouting shoots from dormant buds on a trees main stem plant growing on another without being parasitic first 5 to 10 years formative period where trees are expected to grow tree or shrub that retains its leaves all year round and/or several years tree introduced from overseas transport of timber from the woodland to roadside using a Forwarder (purpose built forest vehicle) |
| Feathered
tree Felling license Fen Feral Flush Flushing Forest Forest Enterprise Forest ranger Forest Research Forestation Forester Forestry Fraying |
tree well
furnished with branches application to the Forestry Commission who grant legal permission to fell trees. low lying flat land that is marshy or artificially drained domesticated animal that now lives in the wild, e.g.. cat, goat area receiving nutrient rich runoff bursting of buds in spring large area of land covered chiefly with trees and associated undergrowth agency of the Forestry Commission responsible for managing FC's forest estate government official who patrols & protects forest/wildlife agency of the Forestry commission responsible for development,surveys & advice to UK forestry Ind. the planting of trees over a wide area person skilled in forest management management of forests deer using their antlers to abrade & partially remove the bark from stems & branches |
| Generic
Genetics Genotype Genus Geology Germination Girdling Glade Grafting Gradient Green belt Green tonne Greenwood Ground preparation |
not specific
or special study of heredity and variation and plants true genetic make-up of a tree group of animals or plants etc science of the earth's crust and strata. The study of rock formations development of seedling from fertilised seed damage to a tree in which bark has been removed from its entire circumference open space in woodland artifical union of the aerial parts of one plant to another amount of slope in road or ground area of land retained around cities which have wide ranging planning restrictions on development weight measurement used of fresh felled timber before any such drying has occurred freshly felled timber ploughing, mounding or scarification are methods to prepare the ground for planting |
| Habitat
Hardwoods Harvester Heartwood Heath Hectares (ha) Herbaceous Herbicide Honeydew Hoppus foot Horizon Humus Hybrid Hydrology Hypsometer |
particular
animal or plant lives broadleaved (deciduous) trees such as oak, ash & beech, does not relate to hardness of wood purpose built forest machine that fells, sneds and converts into desired lengths the inner wood of timber, from the centre. Mainly the most durable part of the timber area often dominated by heathers or related shrubs, on acid soils land unit of measurement used in forestry. Equal to 2.47 acres low growing, non woody plants like wildflowers or ferns chemical used to control undesirable weed/plant species sticky exudate produced by aphids unit of measurement for broadleaf round wood timber to discover cubic capacity for selling layer of soil which may differ in colour, texture and colour decomposed plant and animal residues in the higher organic soil layer a plant originating from the fertilization of one species by another science that analizes the circulation of water in nature below the surface instrument used for measuring tree heights |
| Increment Indigenous Inventory Invertebrates |
new wood
put on by a tree or stand in a year measured by cubic metres per hectare native - born in place of birth forest survey of an area undertaken to collect data such as as condition, timber volume & species comp. animals without a backbone |
| Knot | location of a branch in the timber when it was a tree |
| Leader
Lenticel Light demander Lop and Top |
the main
shoot of a tree small pore in bark or a leaf for breathing tree species that needs a greater amount of light to establish itself forest debris branches/limbs left on site after felling/thinning operations |
| Maiden
tree Mensuration Microsite Mineral Moling Monoculture Mounding |
any tree
not grown from a coppice stump method used in forestry to calculate the volume of timber at roadside or on standing trees small area which exhibits localized characteristics different from the surrounding area. substance obtained by mining, natural inorganic substance in earth cultivation method like ripping but with an additional device to open a conduit for water movement woodland/forest planted with one tree species cultivation method using a excavator to provide singular raised platforms of soil |
| Native Natural regeneration Naturalised Needle cast Neutral grassland Node Nurse species |
not been
known to be introduced from another country - born in place of birth trees/shrubs which arise from naturally-shed seeds with little intervention from humans an introduced tree or shrub species that now regenerates naturally & is widespread defoliation of conifers as a result of disease grassland that is neither strongly acidic nor strongly calcareous swelling on a shoot to mark the position of a resting bud quick growing trees planted to protect/or and provide nutrition to the favoured slow growing end crop |
| Orchard Origin Overbark Overstorey |
park
like area with fruit trees original natural genetic source the volume of wood including the bark. Can be standing volume or felled volume trees forming the upper canopy of a forest |
| Parasite Pallet wood Palmate Park Peat Peaty gley Pedunculate Pepperpot Perennials Phenotype Phloem Photosynthesis Pinetum Pioneer species Plantation Podzol Pole length Policies Pollard Pollen Pollination Porous Primary woodland Processor Propagation Provenance Pulpwood p-year |
animal
or plant living in or on another timber piece usually cut from the upper part of a felled tree. Cut between sawlog & pulp wood pieces leaves that have lobes arranged like fingers of a hand, i.e. horse chestnut designed area of amenity grassland with mixed/scattered broadleave/conifer and shrub plantings is a soil containg vegetable matter decomposed by water & partly carbonised wet imperfectly draining soil type in which a peat layer less than 45cm overlies a mineral soil describing fruits, which are borne on a stalk (a peduncle) handheld container used to apply the correct dosage of granular herbicide plants that live for more than two years, usually flowering each year genetic make-up of a tree & the environment it is growing in. Interaction between the two effects tissue in trees that conducts synthesized food substances to all parts of the tree organic compounds from carbon dioxide & water creating sugars as food for the growing plant botanical collection of conifers - not just pines the first plants to colonise bare land woodland containing newly planted trees soil type with surface layer of acid humus which underneath has a severely leached mineral soil tree felled that has been snedded old woodland around mansions in Scotland tree that has all of its upper branches removed, usually in residential areas fertilizing (male cells) powder pollen carried from the male part of a flower to the female part of a flower permeable to air, water or other fluids woodland that has continuous cover of native trees throughout its history purpose built forest machine that converts pole length timber by snedding & sectioning regeneration of new plants by means of other than seed - root cuttings place of origin of tree stock. Plants used in native planting schemes need to be sourced locally small diameter round wood destined to be fragmented to produce, paper pulp & building board designates the planting year of a forest or plantation.('p' should always be written in lower case) |
| Quarter | sawing method of sawmilling timber radially to show attractive markings. It also can reduce shrinkage |
| Rack Rainforest Rank vegetation Refugia Residual herbicide Restocking Respace Respiration Ride Ring shake Riparian Ripping Risk assessments Rotation Round wood Runoff |
route
created amongst standing trees for thinning or felling operations tropical, evergreen forest with no dry season wild vegetation not being managed, dominated by coarse species of grass inaccesible places in the landscape containing natural regeneration of vegetation, trees/shrubs chemical remaining active in the soil to treat or affect growing weeds planting operation after clearfelling to selectively remove trees that are impeding the growth of others the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from the plant/tree designed feature that remained unplanted for access, fire breaks, extraction or shooting timber that has splitting along the annual rings zones of or on the river-bank/Water courses cultivation method to break into sub-soil using a tine. i.e. iron pan soils careful examination of a planned operation to assess the level of risk & injury to operatives/public the length of time from planting to felling operations logs & pulp wood pieces gravity flow of water in open channels |
| Salmonids Sapwood Saprophyte Saproxylic Scarification Scree Screefing Scrub Secondary woodland Seedling Selective felling Semi Nat.Woodland Senescence Sessile Shade bearer Shake Shrub Silvaculture Skidder Skyline Snedding Softwoods Species Spoil Spot weed Spring wood Standard Standing sale Standing volume Stem Stocking Stolon Stool Sub-soiling Succession Sucker Summer wood Sweep Swipe |
salmon, brown trout, sea trout,grayling, powan and char belonging to the Salmonidae family wood carrying sap on the outermost annual rings of trees vegetable organism living on dead organic matter invertebrates which live in and feed on the decaying matter of old trees cultivation method used on clear fell sites for restocking (replanting) small loose stones on mountain slopes removing ground vegetation prior to planting, to reduce initial weed competition area of poorly formed trees/shrubs unsuitable for commercial use - mainly wildlife woodland occupying a site that has not been wooded continuously since the last ice age young tree grown from seed in a nursery prior to be transplanted or lined out for a further year or two thinning particular trees of commercial value natural characteristics of mainly native species,may have been originally planted for wood production annual ageing process in autumn of which parts of plants wither and die describing fruits which are borne on a stalk a tree species that will grow in the shade of others timber cracks due to stresses of growth or drying of timber a woody plant, much branched and smaller than trees - less than 4.5m (15ft) tall the art and science of growing trees tractor & mounted winch that extracts timber from the forest in pole length for conversion at roadside overhead line wire extraction method used on steep slopes or on unfavourable ground conditions the technique of removing branches from a felled tree comes from coniferous trees such as, pine, fur, spruce and larch the basic unit of classification excavated material from drains etc application of chemical treated on competing vegetation around newly planted trees thin-walled cells laid down in stems & branches in the early part of growing transplanted tree measuring 6ft from the nursery for amenity purposes sale of standing trees to the buyer based on the standing volume assessment measurement of trees taken before felling to forecast income from standing sale. m3 over bark living trunk of a tree agreed stocking density in SWGS contract maybe 2,400 trees/ha or 1600 trees/ha horizontal growing stem the stump or base of a tree/shrub, from which new shoots can grow soil cultivation method used on compacted soil sites changes in vegetation species over time - leading to climax vegetation.ie. from plants to trees shoot arising from the roots or at the stem base thick walled cells laid out down in the middle of the growing season in stems & branches natural bend in a log or tree usually tractor mounted implement to cut grass verges and dense vegetation |
| Taper Taproot Tariff Topography TPO Tree Preservation Order Transplant |
the reduction
of girth from the base of a tree or pole length log main central down growing root. These grow deeper than lateral roots system method of assessing the standing volume before selling as a standing sale natural & artificial features of the land, or ground conditions order placed by the local planning authority to protect trees in urban areas tree removed from the nursery at a given time and planted in the forest |
| Underbark Undercut tree Underplanting Understorey |
volume
of wood excluding the bark nursery stock with trimmed roots whilst still in the ground. To promote healthy fibrous roots trees planted under existing woodland usually to create tree diversity. Also 'enrichment planting' tree or/and shrub below the main canopy |
| Veneer
wood Veteran tree Virgin forest |
thin slice of wood used to decorate or to face less valuable wood imprecise term for a very old tree not yet cultivated, explored or exploited. Occurring naturally |
| Watertable Wet flush Whip Whorl Windblow Windfirm Wood or Woodland Wood-pasture |
level
within the ground below which the pores of soil & rock are saturated
with water area of soil in which nutrients accumulate due to water in flow transplanted tree measuring 120-180cm structure such as buds & leaves arising three or more at a time around a stem trees wholly or partly blown down. Also called windthrow trees/plantations, because of species, soil or relative exposure are unlikely to windthrow smaller area than a forest, usually made up of broadleaves. The words are interchangeable though. wooded land regularly grazed |
| Xylem | living woody tissue |
| Yield class | system of assessing the productivity of a crop of trees based upon height & age |
| Zebra | Uncommon in British woodlands, sometimes occurs as a passage migrant |